[Google Scholar] 53. for both primary and secondary infection. Likewise the mice were comparably susceptible to X31 (H3N2) influenza virus infection. No Mirin significant disruption to the development of normal antiviral CTL or antibody responses was observed. In contrast, mice bearing Mirin Rabbit Polyclonal to CAD (phospho-Thr456) the disrupted IFN-/ receptor exhibited accelerated kinetics and significantly higher levels of neutralizing antibody activity during primary or secondary heterosubtypic influenza virus infection. Thus, these observations reveal no significant contribution for IFN-controlled pathways in shaping acute or memory T-cell responses to pneumotropic influenza virus infection but do indicate some role for IFN-/ in the regulation of antibody responses. Recognizing the pivotal role of CTLs and antibody in virus clearance, it is reasonable to assume Mirin a redundancy in IFN-mediated antiviral effects in pulmonary influenza. However, IFN-/ seems to be a valid factor in determining tissue tropism and replicative rates of highly virulent influenza virus strains as reported previously by others, and this aspect is discussed here. Influenza virus is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, making the understanding of disease mechanisms and immunity to this pathogen of great interest (47). While events occurring comparatively late in the course of infection, such as development of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and specific antibodies, are Mirin known to contribute to viral clearance and recovery (8, 34), comparatively little is known about the initial stages of the immune response to influenza virus infection prior to the engagement of specific antiviral effector mechanisms. During the initial phase of illness, influenza disease interacts with cells within the luminal part of the airways to induce the release of immunoactive mediators, which attract infiltrating cells to the site of illness and/or exert antiviral activities, providing an early defense against viral illness. Induction of pulmonary swelling appears to be particularly important in the translocation of antigen from your lung to lymphatic cells and has an complex part in the recruitment, immigration, and activation of virus-specific lymphocytes. A variety of cytokines and chemotactic factors are likely involved in the initiation of the inflammatory response in addition to the later on recruitment and activation of specific lymphocytes (14). It has been long identified that interferons (IFNs) are an essential part of the innate cytokine response to viral illness, indeed, IFN-/ and IFN- were originally identified as antiviral (31) but also have many other important functions in the immune system. In additional RNA disease models, such as lymphocytic choriomeningitis disease (LCMV), Venezuelan equine encephalitis disease (VEE), or vesicular stomatitis disease (VSV) infections, the IFN system is prominently associated with antiviral immunity (23, 44). It is well known that IFNs are induced by many stimuli and that several viruses, notably vaccinia disease and adenovirus, have specific mechanisms for counteracting IFN-dependent sponsor defenses (33). Such defenses include de novo Mirin transcription of a number of sponsor genes, including cytokine genes, and induction of cellular antiviral mechanisms such as the Mx proteins, 2-5 oligoadenylate synthetase and the IFN-induced double-stranded RNA triggered protein kinase (16, 32, 50, 55). These systems take action to promote a cellular antiviral state, resulting in the inhibition of viral gene transcription and manifestation and, in certain instances, apoptosis of infected cells (10). In addition to inducing an antiviral state in vulnerable cells, IFNs will also be mentioned for his or her immunomodulatory effects (2, 4, 48). Therefore, both types of IFNs upregulate the manifestation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II molecules and are major activators of natural killer cells (62). In addition, IFN-/ has recently been reported to be of importance in the augmentation of dendritic cell reactions (6) and in promoting the survival of triggered lymphocytes (39, 60), whereas IFN- exerts stimulatory effects on macrophage function and regulates the balance of cytokine production during immune reactions (43). Cellular sources of IFNs vary, with IFN- becoming produced by cells of the lymphoid lineage,.
[Google Scholar] 53