The patient with vocal fold paralysis in this series responded to surgical treatment by an ear-nose-throat (ENT) specialist. 3.2. cured after antacid treatment. One case of upper respiratory tract infection (URI) was completely relieved after symptomatic treatment. One patient with left vocal cord paralysis experienced complete relief after specialist treatment by an otorhinolaryngologist. Episodes in 1 patient were significantly reduced after lifestyle improvement. One patient experienced spontaneous relief after rejecting treatment. Conclusions Paroxysmal laryngospasm is a rare laryngeal disease that generally occurs secondary to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and antireflux therapy is frequently effective for its treatment. A respiratory physician should master and identify the symptoms and differentiate this condition from hysterical stridor, reflux-related laryngospasm, and asthma. Timely referral to otolaryngologists, gastroenterologists, and other specialists for standardized examination and regular treatment should be provided when necessary. 1. Introduction Dyspnea is a common clinical symptom with several well-defined causes: pulmonary dyspnea, cardiogenic dyspnea, dyspnea caused by hematologic abnormalities, central nervous system dyspnea, dyspnea caused by endocrine abnormalities, and dyspnea associated with hysteria [1, 2]. Dyspnea caused by various conditions has its own distinct characteristics [3]. However, in recent years, we have observed respiratory difficulty manifested by paroxysmal laryngospasm in a few outpatients. Most of these patients have severe dyspnea during an attack. Several patients cannot obtain a definite diagnosis and treatment. In contrast to respiratory physicians, otolaryngologists and anesthesiologists are experts in managing paroxysmal laryngospasm. Articles related to this condition are also published in otolaryngology, anesthesiology, and other specialized journals. We therefore urge pulmonologists to understand and become familiar with paroxysmal laryngospasm in order to improve the management of this condition. Laryngospasm, a clinical symptom characterized by involuntary laryngeal muscle spasm, is a manifestation of glottic obstruction when vocal cords are closed. Vocal cords and soft tissue of the supraglottic folds are blocked at the upper airway, resulting in obstruction of inspiration and Kainic acid monohydrate expiration, which sometimes occurs during or after the administration of anesthesia and is associated with severe perioperative complications. Failure to manage this condition leads to hypoxia, hypercapnia, bronchospasm, pulmonary edema, arrhythmia, and heart failure, among other sequelae, which can eventually cause death from severe laryngeal spasm [4, 5]. One type of reactive airway obstruction is Kainic acid monohydrate paroxysmal laryngospasm, which is a rare laryngeal disease in adults. In this condition, the throat is completely closed due to some form of hypersensitivity or a protective laryngeal reflex causing a transient, complete inability to breathe. Paroxysmal laryngospasm onset in patients is often characterized by a sudden and complete inability to breathe, along with voice loss or hoarseness and stridor. Paroxysmal laryngospasm usually lasts from several seconds to several minutes [6] and may be accompanied by obvious causes such as upper respiratory tract infection (URI), emotional agitation or tension, and/or severe coughing. Several Kainic acid monohydrate studies have established that paroxysmal laryngospasm is often secondary to laryngopharyngeal reflux, a variant of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Paroxysmal laryngospasm is often misdiagnosed as asthma, hysterical stridor, obstructive sleep apnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, and other conditions [7]. Patients with paroxysmal laryngospasm have a short attack period and often show no symptoms and signs after these episodes. The diagnosis usually relies on clinical manifestations [8]. Therefore, clinicians who do not understand the clinical manifestations of this condition regularly misdiagnose the disease [9]. Paroxysmal laryngospasm yields obvious dyspnea; consequently, this symptom should be recognized not only by otolaryngologists, anesthesiologists, and gastroenterology physicians but also by respiratory physicians. Therefore,.However, when the larynx is stimulated by either swallowed material or fluid regurgitation from the esophagus, the vocal cords are rapidly reflexively adducted, thus causing brief apnea called closed laryngeal apnea. 14 days to 8 years and was characterized by sudden dyspnea, an inability to inhale and exhale, a sense of asphyxia, and voice loss during an attack. Eight patients with gastroesophageal reflux were cured after antacid treatment. One case of top respiratory tract illness (URI) was completely relieved after symptomatic treatment. One individual with remaining vocal wire paralysis experienced total relief after professional treatment by an otorhinolaryngologist. Episodes in 1 patient were significantly reduced after life-style Kainic acid monohydrate improvement. One individual experienced spontaneous alleviation after rejecting treatment. Kainic acid monohydrate Conclusions Paroxysmal laryngospasm is definitely a rare laryngeal disease that generally happens secondary to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and antireflux therapy is frequently effective for its treatment. A respiratory physician should expert and determine the symptoms and differentiate this condition from hysterical stridor, reflux-related laryngospasm, and asthma. Timely referral to otolaryngologists, gastroenterologists, and additional professionals for standardized exam and regular treatment should be offered when necessary. 1. Intro Dyspnea is definitely a common medical symptom with several well-defined causes: pulmonary dyspnea, cardiogenic dyspnea, dyspnea caused by hematologic abnormalities, central nervous system dyspnea, dyspnea caused by endocrine abnormalities, and dyspnea associated with hysteria [1, 2]. Dyspnea caused by various conditions offers its own unique characteristics [3]. However, in recent years, we have observed respiratory difficulty manifested by paroxysmal laryngospasm in a few outpatients. Most of these individuals have severe dyspnea during an assault. Several individuals cannot obtain a certain analysis and treatment. In contrast to respiratory physicians, otolaryngologists and anesthesiologists are specialists in controlling paroxysmal laryngospasm. Content articles related to this condition are also published in otolaryngology, anesthesiology, and additional specialized journals. We therefore urge pulmonologists to understand and become familiar with paroxysmal laryngospasm in order to improve the management of this condition. Laryngospasm, a medical symptom characterized by involuntary laryngeal muscle mass spasm, is definitely a manifestation of glottic obstruction when vocal cords are closed. Vocal cords and smooth tissue of the supraglottic folds are clogged at the top airway, resulting in obstruction of inspiration and expiration, which sometimes happens during or after the administration of anesthesia and is associated with severe perioperative complications. Failure to manage this condition prospects to hypoxia, hypercapnia, bronchospasm, pulmonary edema, arrhythmia, and heart failure, among additional sequelae, which can eventually cause death from severe laryngeal spasm [4, 5]. One type of reactive airway obstruction is definitely paroxysmal laryngospasm, which is a rare laryngeal disease in adults. In this condition, the throat is completely closed due to some form of hypersensitivity or a protecting laryngeal reflex causing a transient, total inability to inhale. C3orf29 Paroxysmal laryngospasm onset in individuals is definitely often characterized by a sudden and complete failure to inhale, along with voice loss or hoarseness and stridor. Paroxysmal laryngospasm usually lasts from several seconds to several minutes [6] and may be accompanied by obvious causes such as top respiratory tract illness (URI), emotional agitation or pressure, and/or severe coughing. Several studies have established that paroxysmal laryngospasm is definitely often secondary to laryngopharyngeal reflux, a variant of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Paroxysmal laryngospasm is definitely often misdiagnosed as asthma, hysterical stridor, obstructive sleep apnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, and additional conditions [7]. Individuals with paroxysmal laryngospasm have a short assault period and often display no symptoms and indications after these episodes. The diagnosis usually relies on medical manifestations [8]. Consequently, clinicians who do not understand the medical manifestations of this condition regularly misdiagnose the disease [9]. Paroxysmal laryngospasm yields obvious dyspnea; as a result, this symptom should be recognized not only by otolaryngologists, anesthesiologists, and gastroenterology physicians but also by respiratory physicians. Consequently, we call on pulmonologists to be conversant with the management and treatment of paroxysmal laryngospasm and to refer individuals to relevant professionals when necessary. Based on experience in our clinic, 12 instances of paroxysmal laryngospasm were examined and explained with this work. 2. Methods 2.1. Participants We collected data from 12 individuals seen in the Division of Respiratory and Essential Care Medicine, Union Hospital Affiliated with Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University or college of Technology and Technology, China, from June 2017 to October 2019. Patients were all from your Han tribe. Five of the individuals were male, representing 42%, and 7 were female, representing 58%. The average age was 49.25??13.02 years. There were 3 smokers and 2 drinkers. The course of the disease ranged from 14 days to 8 years. Neurological diseases and medical history were excluded with this group. Five individuals had severe coughing before their laryngospasm. Three individuals experienced an antecedent URI, 2 experienced some form of emotional agitation before their laryngospasm, while 2 experienced no obvious provoking factors. Eleven individuals stated that their symptoms occurred during the day, and.
The patient with vocal fold paralysis in this series responded to surgical treatment by an ear-nose-throat (ENT) specialist